Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common type of skin cancer, originates from basal cells in the epidermis of the skin[1]. Fortunately, BCC is recognised as the least dangerous type of skin cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of all skin cancer cases[2]. Ozone depletion has been associated with an increase in skin cancer cases in the population[3]. BCC is characterised by its slow-growing nature but may exhibit local aggressiveness, often appearing in colours ranging from tan to brown[4]. The slow growth rate of BCC contributes to a favourable prognosis for patients by allowing early detection and timely treatment[5].

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is another common type of skin cancer that develops in squamous cells in the middle and outer layers of the skin[6]. The frequency of SCC, which accounts for 15-20% of all skin cancer cases, tends to increase with age and prolonged exposure to sunlight[7]. The development of SCC is associated with irreparable DNA damage in skin cells, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation[8]. This type of skin cancer is often curable when detected early, emphasising the importance of regular skin examinations and sun protection measures[5].

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, although less common than BCC and SCC[5]. Melanoma originates from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin, and can occur anywhere on the body; commonly the chest and back in men and the legs in women[5]. Early diagnosis of melanoma is very important for successful treatment and high cure rate[5]. Surgical intervention is usually the primary treatment for melanoma; procedures such as sentinel lymph node sampling are used to assess the spread of cancer[9]. The development of melanoma may be influenced by factors such as sunlight exposure and genetic predisposition[10]. Regular skin checks and prompt medical intervention for relevant moles or skin changes are important in the early detection and treatment of melanoma and other skin cancers[11].

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Diagnostic methods in skin cancers

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Skin cancer, characterised by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of skin cells, is usually associated with sun exposure and genetic factors[5]. The diagnosis of skin cancers typically begins with a visual examination of the skin[10]. During this examination, healthcare providers examine the skin for any abnormalities such as lesions, moles or discolouration that may indicate the presence of skin cancer. The visual examination serves as an important first step in identifying potential areas of concern and guiding further diagnostic procedures. - Skin cancer is caused by abnormal growth of skin cells. - Sun exposure and genetic factors play an important role in the development of skin cancers. - Visual inspection is the primary method of detecting skin cancer through observation of skin abnormalities.

In cases where visual examination increases the suspicion of skin cancer, a biopsy may be recommended for definitive diagnosis[11]. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspicious area for further analysis. This sample is then examined under a microscope to determine the presence of cancerous cells[5]. If skin cancer is confirmed in the tissue sample, the specific type and characteristics of the skin cancer can be determined, which is crucial for determining the most appropriate treatment plan[12]. - A biopsy is a diagnostic procedure involving the removal of tissue for analysis. - The tissue sample obtained through biopsy is microscopically analysed to confirm the presence of skin cancer. - Biopsy results help to determine the type and characteristics of skin cancer for treatment planning

In addition to visual inspection and biopsy, dermoscopy is another diagnostic method used in the evaluation of skin lesions[13]. Dermoscopy involves the use of a special device called a dermoscope to examine skin lesions with better visualisation of their structure and colour[11]. This technique allows healthcare providers to more accurately assess skin lesions and differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Dermoscopy plays a valuable role in the early and accurate diagnosis of skin cancers by providing detailed information on the characteristics of skin lesions. - Dermoscopy is a diagnostic technique using a dermoscope for detailed examination of skin lesions. - Enhanced visualisation with dermoscopy helps to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions - Dermoscopy contributes to the early and accurate diagnosis of skin cancers, facilitating timely intervention and treatment strategies.

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Treatment options for skin cancers

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Surgery is a common and effective treatment option for various types of skin cancer[12]. Surgical removal of cancerous tissue is a crucial step in the treatment of skin cancer, especially localised tumours. During excision procedures, the surgeon applies local anaesthesia to the area, delineates the lesion and carefully removes the affected tissue[11]. This method is particularly useful in the treatment of melanoma, a type of skin cancer that can be particularly aggressive and prone to spread if not treated promptly. By surgically removing the tumour, surgeons aim to eliminate cancer cells and reduce the risk of further progression or recurrence.

Radiation therapy is another important treatment modality for skin cancer, especially when surgery is not possible or as an adjuvant treatment after surgical intervention[5]. This approach uses high-energy radiation beams to target and destroy cancer cells or to inhibit their growth and spread throughout the body. Radiation therapy can be used to treat recurrent melanoma in the skin or lymph nodes after surgery or in cases of distant metastasis[14]. Medical professionals can effectively manage skin cancers and improve patient outcomes by delivering focused radiation to the affected areas.

Chemotherapy represents a systemic treatment approach for skin cancers that involves the use of drugs to eliminate cancer cells that may have spread outside the skin[14]. These drugs pass through the bloodstream and reach various parts of the body, targeting and destroying cancerous cells. Chemotherapy is usually considered when skin cancer has metastasised or when other treatment methods are not sufficient[5]. While surgery and radiation therapy focus primarily on localised disease, chemotherapy plays a crucial role in the treatment of advanced or widespread skin cancers, including melanoma. By understanding the various treatment options available, healthcare providers can tailor personalised care plans to address the specific needs and characteristics of each skin cancer patient[10].

 

SSS

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Q: What are the common types of skin cancer and their symptoms? A: - Basal Cell Carcinoma: Usually appears as a pearly or waxy bump or a flat, flesh-coloured or brown sore-like lesion. - Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Typically appears as a hard, red nodule or a flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface. - Melanoma: May develop from an existing mole or appear as a new dark spot with irregular edges, of various colours and large size.

Q: How are skin cancers diagnosed? A: Skin cancers are diagnosed by several methods: - Visual Examination: Dermatologists examine suspicious spots on the skin for signs of cancerous growth. - Biopsy: A small sample is taken from the suspicious skin area for further examination under a microscope. - Dermoscopy: A non-invasive technique that uses a dermatoscope to magnify and analyse skin lesions for cancerous features.

Q: What are the treatment options available for skin cancers? A: - Surgery: The primary treatment of most skin cancers involves surgical removal of the cancerous tissue while sparing the surrounding healthy skin. - Radiation Therapy: Used when surgery may be difficult or to treat skin cancers that have spread to other areas. - Chemotherapy: Sometimes used to target cancer cells in the body in advanced cases of skin cancer.

Q: Can skin cancer be prevented? A: Yes, some preventive measures include: - Limiting sun exposure, especially during peak hours. - Using sunscreen with a high SPF and reapplying it frequently. - Wearing protective clothing, hats and sunglasses. - Performing regular self-examinations and reporting any changes or abnormalities to a dermatologist immediately.

Q: What is the prognosis for skin cancer patients? A: The prognosis for skin cancer patients varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. Early detection and treatment usually results in high cure rates. Regular follow-ups with a dermatologist are very important to monitor for any recurrence or new skin cancer.