Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a chronic and inflammatory skin condition that usually affects children but may persist into adulthood[1]. This condition is characterised by symptoms such as skin dryness, intense itching, rash and other skin lesions[2]. Atopic dermatitis typically begins in childhood and may continue throughout life with symptoms varying in severity and frequency[3]. The causes of atopic dermatitis are multifactorial, including a combination of genetic, environmental and immune system factors[4]. Individuals with atopic dermatitis may experience skin discolouration and persistent itching, which can lead to thickening of the skin and scratching that can potentially cause wounds[5].

The common symptoms and triggers of atopic dermatitis play an important role in understanding and managing this condition. Atopic dermatitis presents as a chronic, recurrent and itchy skin condition that often leads to inflammation and discomfort[1]. Symptoms of atopic dermatitis can vary from person to person but usually include dry, scaly patch-like lesions on the skin and intense itching[3]. Factors that trigger atopic dermatitis flare-ups may include: - Allergens such as pet dander, pollen or dust mites - Irritants such as harsh soaps or detergents - Changes in temperature or humidity - Stress or emotional factors Identifying these triggers is crucial in developing an effective treatment plan and managing atopic dermatitis symptoms[4].

The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis includes a comprehensive assessment of the individual's medical history, symptoms and physical examination of the skin[6]. Dermatologists and healthcare providers may use a variety of diagnostic methods to confirm the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, which may include - Visual examination of the skin - Patch testing to identify specific allergens - Skin biopsy for further evaluation in certain cases - Evaluation of family history and potential triggers Accurate diagnosis is important for initiating appropriate treatment strategies aimed at alleviating symptoms, relieving skin inflammation, reducing itching and preventing infections[7]. With an understanding of the definition, causes, symptoms, triggers and diagnostic methods associated with atopic dermatitis, individuals and healthcare professionals can work together to effectively manage this chronic skin condition.

 

 

Advanced treatments and ongoing research for atopic dermatitis

Immunomodulators and biologics have emerged as advanced therapies for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, especially in severe cases[6]. These treatment options target the immune system to reduce the inflammatory response that characterises atopic dermatitis[1]. Immunomodulators such as calcineurin inhibitors may be effective in managing the symptoms of atopic dermatitis by modulating the immune response in the skin. Biologics, on the other hand, are drugs derived from living organisms that target specific molecules involved in the inflammatory process of atopic dermatitis. These advanced therapies offer new hope for patients with severe atopic dermatitis who may not have responded well to conventional treatments such as topical corticosteroids or emollients[12].

Phototherapy and light therapy options provide alternative treatment approaches for atopic dermatitis, especially when other treatments are ineffective or poorly tolerated[1]. UV light therapy, also known as phototherapy, involves exposing the skin to ultraviolet light to reduce itching and inflammation[13]. Depending on the age of the patient and the severity of the condition, different light sources such as narrowband UVB, UVA1 and PUVA can be utilised[14]. Although phototherapy can be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis symptoms, long-term effects and risks, especially the potential for non-melanoma skin cancer, need to be carefully evaluated[1].

 

Ongoing research into atopic dermatitis has led to the investigation of existing and emerging therapies that show promise in improving patient outcomes[15]. Research studies focus on understanding the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, developing more targeted therapies, and evaluating the efficacy and safety of new treatment approaches[1]. Collaborative efforts between allergy/immunology and dermatology specialists have resulted in the publication of comprehensive guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis, providing clinicians with evidence-based recommendations for the management of this chronic skin condition[12]. By keeping abreast of the latest advances in atopic dermatitis research, healthcare providers can offer their patients the most effective and personalised treatment options available.