Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a common skin condition characterised by red, inflamed skin covered with oily or dry white scales[1]. This condition can affect various parts of the body, including the scalp, face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids, chest, armpits and groin[2]. One of the main symptoms of seborrhoeic dermatitis is dandruff on the scalp, dry skin and scaly lesions on the affected areas. Seborrhoeic dermatitis is often associated with the presence of fungal cells known as Pityrosporum Ovale or Malassezia Furfur, which contribute to the development of the condition[3]. It is important to note that seborrhoeic dermatitis is not contagious and can present as white or yellow scales on the scalp, varying in severity and presentation[4][3][1].

Several risk factors have been identified that may increase the likelihood of developing seborrhoeic dermatitis[5]. These risk factors include conditions such as AIDS, certain types of cancer and the use of immunosuppressive drugs that weaken the immune system. In addition, patients with seborrhoea characterised by oily skin may be more prone to seborrheic dermatitis. Although seborrhoeic dermatitis shares similarities with conditions such as rosacea and psoriasis, it presents different symptoms such as flaking, scaling and inflammation[6][2]. Early diagnosis of seborrheic dermatitis is crucial for effective treatment outcomes, which emphasises the importance of seeking medical attention upon recognition of symptoms[1].

Diagnosis of seborrhoeic dermatitis typically involves a visual examination by a healthcare professional to assess the affected areas and symptoms. Treatment options for seborrhoeic dermatitis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition[5]. Common treatment approaches include applying mineral oil or olive oil to the scalp and leaving the hair for several hours before washing, as well as using medicated shampoos and topical corticosteroids[7]. To effectively manage seborrhoeic dermatitis, it is important to consult a health care professional to determine the most appropriate treatment plan. In addition, maintaining good skin care practices and managing potential triggers can help reduce the frequency and severity of flare-ups associated with this skin condition[8].

Causes and triggers of seborrhoeic dermatitis

One of the main causes of seborrhoeic dermatitis is the overgrowth of Malassezia yeast on the skin[3]. Malassezia is a type of yeast that is naturally present on everyone's skin but can cause skin irritation and inflammation by overgrowing in some individuals[8]. This yeast genus is thought to play an important role in the development of seborrhoeic dermatitis, especially when it gets out of control[9]. Overgrowth of Malassezia yeast can trigger an inflammatory response in the skin, which can cause symptoms such as - Redness - Itching - Scaling In cases where Malassezia overgrowth is the primary cause, antifungal creams and shampoos may be recommended to help effectively manage the condition[10].

Hormonal factors also play an important role in the development and exacerbation of seborrhoeic dermatitis[1]. Increased levels of androgen hormones, which are responsible for regulating sebum production in the skin, may contribute to the onset of seborrhoeic dermatitis. Research studies have investigated the relationship between seborrhoeic dermatitis and androgenic hormone levels, emphasising the impact of hormonal imbalances on skin condition[11]. In addition, hormonal disorders may disrupt the normal functioning of the sebaceous glands, leading to an increased risk of seborrhoeic dermatitis. These hormonal fluctuations can exacerbate symptoms and trigger a flare-up of the condition.

Environmental triggers also play an important role in the development and exacerbation of seborrhoeic dermatitis[12]. Various environmental factors such as ultraviolet exposure, fluctuations in temperature, and exposure to certain substances can affect the severity of seborrhoeic dermatitis. For individuals predisposed to this condition, environmental triggers can exacerbate symptoms and contribute to the chronic nature of seborrhoeic dermatitis. Understanding and managing these environmental factors is important to effectively control and prevent flare-ups of seborrheco dermatitis. In addition, individual predispositions, hormonal disorders and changes in the immune system may also influence seborrhoeic dermatitis[13].

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What are the common symptoms of seborrhoeic dermatitis?

A: Common symptoms of seborrhoeic dermatitis include red skin, oily or greasy patches, white or yellowish scales, itching or burning sensation and dandruff on the scalp.

Q: What are the risk factors associated with seborrhoeic dermatitis?

A: Risk factors for seborrhoeic dermatitis include age (common in infants and adults aged 30-60 years), oily skin or hair, certain medical conditions (such as Parkinson's disease or HIV), stress and neurological disorders.

Q: How is seborrhoeic dermatitis diagnosed?

A: Seborrhoeic dermatitis is usually diagnosed based on physical examination, medical history and sometimes a skin biopsy. Doctors may also perform tests to exclude other skin conditions such as psoriasis.

Q: What are the treatment options for seborrhoeic dermatitis?

A: Treatment options for seborrheic dermatitis include medicated shampoos, topical corticosteroids, antifungal creams, medicated lotions and phototherapy. In severe cases, oral medications may be prescribed.

Q: How can seborrhoeic dermatitis be treated and prevented?

A: Management and prevention of seborrhoeic dermatitis includes maintaining proper skin care routines, using gentle products, avoiding triggers such as stress and inclement weather, and in some cases making lifestyle changes such as reducing stress levels and managing oily skin.